月度归档： 2025 年 3 月

Is the short video ＂killing＂ the long video？

Author: Fan Ying, title map from: vision china.

With the rise of "Tik Tok" and "Aauto Quicker", people spend more and more time on short video platforms. About 15 seconds to 1 minute, one novel and interesting content after another stimulates dopamine in our body, making short videos the best choice for many young people to spend their scattered time.

Some people assert that short videos are "killing" long videos.

Is this really the case?

Recently, Wang Yizhi, a partner of Fanying, made a live sharing activity with the theme of "How to build a video content judgment standard by saying" long "and" short ". In this sharing, he put forward a series of vivid and interesting views on the development and relationship between long and short video content, and shared his thoughts and attempts on the "video content judgment standard" for content developers by combing the development of mature markets.

The following are the highlights of this sharing:

Short video: Am I killing the long video?

Short entertainment content is the mainstream of consumption.

In fact, the entertainment content with relative length has always existed in people’s lives. For example, in the non-video era, people usually like to read tabloids, which consumes less time and has a lower reading threshold than novels. Compared with the cost of watching singing in the theater, people are more willing to go to the roadside to watch the performances of jugglers.

In the video age, with the popularity of home videos fading away, it is becoming more and more normal for people to brush short videos between buses, subways or meals than to spend money and time going to the cinema.

So how do we define long and short videos?

In fact, for most audiences, the boundary between long and short videos is not so clear. Even in the industry, the difference between a short video platform and a long video platform is not clearly defined.

How to distinguish between long and short videos depends more on the service provided by the video content. In most people’s understanding, long videos have complete information, such as movies, TV shows, variety shows and so on. The short video, in the public’s cognition, will be news, advertisements or instant entertainment information represented by Tik Tok. From this perspective, we understand that smaller and shorter content will have lower threshold and stronger popularity at the level of entertainment content.

In fact, from the beginning of the cinema era, long and short videos have always complemented each other and developed together. In the 1930s, most of the short content such as newsreels, animations and short stories were broadcast in European and American cinemas, instead of long movies. In the TV era, for a long time, the TV platform played mainly short content. With the expansion of the audience and the reduction of production costs, we saw TV dramas and movies on TV.

Therefore, it is not short video that squeezes the space of long video, but short content has been the mainstream of mass entertainment consumption for a long time, while long video is the upgrade of consumption and experience.

Network: the main position of video consumption

Video consumption needs to be distinguished according to the scene and terminal when the audience consumes.

However, with the popularity of mobile portable devices, the Internet is everywhere, and even cinema viewing is inseparable from the Internet. To some extent, we can say that the terminals where viewers consume videos today can be regarded as "Internet terminals". So what makes the difference? Scene.

If we divide the consumption scenes of the audience, it can be said that "indoor" and "outdoor" are more applicable. Because of the different consumption scenes, the audience’s behavior of consuming videos will also be different. For example, when the audience’s consumption scene is indoors, even if we have a mobile phone, we may choose to use smart TV to consume videos.

The main consumption place of fragmented information is completed in the process of moving, while inconvenient public space needs to create a sense of ritual, such as the lighting atmosphere of the theater and the requirement of mute the audience’s mobile phone, which can help consumers access their computers more efficiently.

From the comparison between the annual movie box office growth in China and the increase in the number of Internet and mobile phone users, it can be seen that although the total box office in China has been climbing, the people who go to the cinema to see movies still account for only a small part of the number of netizens.

Although there are a lot of free content on the Internet, the attention economy brought by the huge netizens is very considerable, which is unmatched by cinema consumers.

Therefore, the main consumption position of entertainment content is still on the Internet.

Short video: a trial of long video

The symbiotic relationship between long and short videos is also worthy of attention.

On the short video platform, there are three kinds of content with relatively large traffic, namely, social politics, entertainment and sports, and film and television. Among them, film and television is the most likely and easiest to lead to the transformation of long video content. The short video platform has gradually become the core traffic source of the long video platform.

Watching a long video is time-consuming. When the audience chooses whether to watch a long video, it is usually through a short video.(preview)To judge. Therefore, short videos are sometimes more like "samples" of long videos.

Short video is the main way for us to get any information, while long video is the way to get more information in depth.

In the short video ecosystem, the functionality of different video content is very clear. Long video can bring better immersion and more complete harvest to the audience on the basis of this function.

Generally speaking, short videos drive the consumption of long videos to a certain extent. There is no tension between short video and long video. They have a close relationship of symbiotic development and mutual promotion.

Short video is more widely spread, but the "liquidity" of long video is still irreplaceable by short video, and its "long tail effect" is also beyond the reach of short video in the short term. Therefore, for the content industry, the marketing of short video can help create higher highs and bring more long-term benefits in the operation of the whole film during the initial period of word-of-mouth and influence establishment.

Short video: incubating creative talents

The nationwide creation of short videos has also laid a broad content and talent base for long videos. For a long time, our talents in the field of cultural creativity are relatively limited, and the production capacity we can bring is relatively weak, so we have always had many problems in the quality of long and short videos.

Nowadays, the short video platform actually releases the participation of the whole people.

Although the tools and production technology need to be improved, this release can still bring us a lot of innovative content, and also give many people who are interested and have ideas a space to practice their hands, which will naturally bring about the trend of "a rising tide lifts all boats".

At the same time, short video is also a very good starting point for long video content, which can bring a lot of things outside the brain hole of professional screenwriters to the creators, and these things are grounded and vivid. Of course, to some extent, the short video created by the whole people has also improved the audience’s requirements for long videos.

So, how do we judge the quality of long and short video content? This involves the establishment of a content standard system. Let’s take a look at what mature markets do first.

Content standard system: reference from mature markets

Hollywood was also dominated by the creator-centered system in the 1960s and 1970s, and the situation it faced after World War II was also the lack of creators and practitioners. What broke this pattern and laid the foundation for the construction of Hollywood’s future industrial system was a film called "The Gate of Heaven".

At first, the budget of Gate of Heaven was $7.5 million, which was a very huge figure in the 1980s. Its director, Michael Simino, has just won four Oscars before making this film, which is in full swing. However, the film continued to exceed the budget during the filming process, and the final investment was as high as 44 million US dollars. But after the release, it only earned $3.5 million at the box office.

This defeat directly led to the closure of the old Hollywood production company Lianyi, and caused a huge impact on Hollywood at that time. It was also after this that Hollywood began to explore the process and standardization of film production.

Industrialization means standardization, which indicates that it can be scaled up.

The following figure shows the proportion of pure content revenue in the total revenue of three companies with relatively high Hollywood market today. We can see that in a long period of time, whether it is Sony with "hardware+entertainment", Comcast with communication, media and entertainment content as a whole, or Disney, which made a fortune by acquiring media through content to build an entire business empire, this ratio has not changed much.

Four characteristics of industrialization of content industry

Content output refers to the direct realization of content copyright itself.(excluding derivatives such as toys and amusement parks). It can be seen that in the operation of these industry giants, the production and marketing management of content have a stable standard process and scale.

On this basis, NETFLIX’s business model today has been created. Its comprehensive long video content classification standard, distribution model and recommendation mechanism are actually closely related to the industry standards established by Hollywood itself.

Looking back at the whole Hollywood system, if we want to achieve more standardization nowadays, we must first solve the production problem. The content on the short video platform actually solves the problem of production standardization and realizes the convenience of distribution and interactive communication with consumers. Therefore, it can make today’s short video content present a colorful and blooming state.

Establishing basic standards and building market ecological chain

In the industry, basic standards are divided into three categories, namely product standards, media standards and crowd standards. How to establish the industry standard of short video, we can first understand from long video.

Product standard

The basis of the whole product standard in Hollywood is type. For the audience, it is also through the type to distinguish the functions provided by the content.

Another point in product standards is difference. The essence of difference is innovation, and innovation is risky. Hollywood studios have a tent pole.（Tentpole）The concept of using a very high-cost content to prop up a "tent pole", and the rest of the investment and energy will happen around this.

Media standard

The standards at the media level are divided according to consumption frequency in the whole North American system, and different media are used to correspond to audiences with different consumption frequencies.

For example, six months before the release of a movie, the "heavy users" of the movie will be accurately advertised on a certain platform or category. For "moderate users", access to information through a wider range of channels, such as public television and cinema trailers. Finally, there are "light users", which are mainly outdoor advertisements. From "severe" to "mild", the communication atmosphere is finally formed.

Crowd standard

Based on the above two standards, the crowd standard in Hollywood is cut very finely, and we can see countless classification labels. It is precisely because of this relatively clear and stable standard that the judgment of consumers is relatively accurate, and there is basically no "dark horse" in the entire Hollywood market.

This phenomenon is not uncommon in China market. The existence of "dark horse" actually represents the strong uncertainty of the market, which is not safe for the content industry. The process of establishing standards is also the process of "eliminating dark horses".

How to establish content/product standards?

There is a general model for establishing these standards, which is to follow the two dimensions of "ornamental" and "marketability". The common understanding of "ornamental" is "good looking", while "marketability" is "good selling".

Based on these two dimensions, each content can have an evaluation standard, which is commonly said as "applauding and making a seat". This is also the core goal of every content now.

Take The Wandering Earth as an example.

In 2018, Fan Ying worked with Tencent Pictures to study the genre of China sci-fi movies. During this period, she visited the practitioners in the whole process of sci-fi movie production, conducted in-depth research from creators and audiences, sci-fi audiences and non-sci-fi audiences, and analyzed the possible future trend of China sci-fi market.

At that time, an outstanding conclusion was that the theme of disaster may be an opportunity for China’s science fiction. And The Wandering Earth’s theme is in line with this discovery. It is the story built on this basis that conforms to the values of Chinese people, which makes The Wandering Earth arouse the emotional resonance of Chinese people: "Good-looking".

At the same time, Fan Ying made three audience tests for The Wandering Earth. In the first round of testing, the biggest confusion caused by the whole film in the hearts of the audience was the contradictory relationship between Liu Peiqiang and Liu Qi. After repeated tests and three rounds of adjustment, the audience finally formed a sense of resonance with family affection, and reached the standard of "good-looking" in the hearts of the test audience.

Let’s look at the perspective of "selling well". We need to find a breakthrough point with word-of-mouth potential on ontology.

Pass the test of marketing link(Provide some information about the film, not the whole trial)To tap the audience’s interest points, the study found that it was outstanding in three levels: "special effects", "science fiction" and "story", so as to find the power point of marketing actions.

Then, how to formulate the marketing strategy of film and television content is actually very different between long and short videos. Different from the immediacy of short video, the entry threshold is low and the function is clear. Long video is a process that needs to establish a relationship with the audience at an early stage-"building questions in the audience’s mind".

Therefore, how to establish this interest point is the key in long video marketing. And this interest point is the question that the audience must enter the cinema to solve. If the output information does not arouse such curiosity in the audience’s mind, the purpose of marketing will not be achieved.

Another classic case: Titanic.

As a typical case of Fox in moderns, the biggest problem faced by its marketing team before the release was, "What should we sell?". They need to pick out the core marketing points among many elements such as epic, special effects, big director and so on.

After continuous testing, it is finally found that "the choice of two people who love each other under the background of disaster" is the best core point in both marketing level and content ontology level. So the final publicity strategy is "What happened to them?" And finally set the slogan is "nothing in the world can stop them"（Nothing on earth could come between them.）.

"Life and death choice" is the motif established in the marketing of Titanic. Long video content must find out what this motif needs to be solved.

Combined with the above cases,It is through the quality of the film itself(Good-looking)And the excavation of marketing entry point.(is it good to sell)We have established the basic criteria for judging the content.

As mentioned earlier,The establishment of production standards is based on types, and the formation of differences is innovation.

Whether it is a long video or a short video, the genre is very important. The genre represents the function of a video. Horror films need to scare and stimulate the senses of the audience, and romance films need to bring romantic emotions and feelings to the audience.

Innovation on the basis of satisfying functions brings about differences in positioning. The difference in positioning is not necessarily the difference in content ontology, but is influenced by the market and creative strategies, which will affect the psychological expectations of the audience.

The difference between long video and short video is that the audience of long video often has expectations, and whether it meets or exceeds the psychological expectations of the audience is the key to the success of long video.

Key nodes of content operation management

For content producers and managers, there are several key nodes in the marketing strategy of long video that deserve attention.

First of all, in the early development stage, we need to arouse the initial interest of the audience with core information.

Secondly, in the production stage, we need to know the type and functionality of the content and what emotional resonance we want to achieve in the audience’s mind.

Finally, in the filming stage, the focus of attention is the core marketing strategy, which needs to be decided after the marketing test of the audience. As well as the final declaration and guidance stage, it is necessary to check all the strategies.

In all these steps, we need a very systematic understanding and management, so that the long video can finally have an expected result.

　 　 　

Author: Fan Ying

Implemented from September! You must understand these new traffic regulations.

　　Cctv newsAccording to the Traffic Management Bureau of the Ministry of Public Security, starting from tomorrow (September 1), small car driving licenses can be applied for in different places in the province, motor vehicles can be inspected in different provinces, and vehicles can be transferred from different places to realize online transmission of file information.

　　At present, it is common to live, study and work in different places, and the demand for driving licenses in different places is increasing. The Ministry of Public Security has further relaxed the conditions for applying for a driver’s license in different places. From September 1, residents in the province can directly apply for a driver’s license for small cars with their ID cards throughout the province, without having to submit a residence permit or temporary residence registration certificate. Residents outside the province can also apply for a small car driver’s license directly within the province after applying for a residence permit in any city in the province.

Wang Qiang, Deputy Director of Traffic Management Bureau of Ministry of Public Security.

Wang Qiang, Deputy Director of Traffic Management Bureau of Ministry of Public Security.

　　Wang Qiang, Deputy Director of Traffic Management Bureau of Ministry of Public Security:For example, if you are from Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, then when I want to apply for a driver’s license in Baoding, Hebei Province, or in other places, then you can hold your ID card, and the resident ID card can be applied for anywhere in the province, so I can take the exam and issue a driver’s license.

　　Small cars, trucks and other vehicles have achieved national "general inspection"

　　In terms of motor vehicle inspection, since September 1st, the Ministry of Public Security has comprehensively implemented cross-provincial inspection of small cars, trucks and medium-sized buses to achieve nationwide "general inspection". Applicants can directly inspect in provinces other than the place where motor vehicles are registered, and apply for inspection marks, without going through the entrusted inspection procedures. For vehicles exempted from inspection within 6 years, after verifying the compulsory insurance through the Internet traffic safety comprehensive service platform, they can directly apply for the inspection-free sign, without going back and forth to dmv and signing the driving license, so as to realize online application and mail delivery.

　　Wang Qiang, Deputy Director of Traffic Management Bureau of Ministry of Public Security.: (It turns out) You still need to drive this car back, or take this driving license back to the vehicle management office where the vehicle is registered, then apply for an entrusted inspection. After the implementation of the reform, you can apply directly to the vehicle management office for inspection on the spot. Let’s check first, and then send this relevant information back through the backstage online later. Actually, it was originally necessary for the masses to run away. Now we are running errands online through the Internet.

　　Simplify the one-time completion of vehicle transfer from different places to vehicle inspection.

　　At present, the transfer of vehicle registration in different places requires the owner to submit the vehicle, return the license plate, extract the file and apply for a temporary license at the place where he moves out, and then submit the file, submit the vehicle for inspection and select the license plate at the place where he moves in. The owner and the vehicle run at both ends, with many twists and turns, long cycle and high cost.

　　Since September 1st, the Ministry of Public Security has piloted the electronic online transfer of files of non-operating mini passenger cars in 15 cities, including Nanjing, Hangzhou, Guangzhou and Chongqing. For the vehicles transferred between the pilot cities, applicants can directly go to the vehicle management office of the transfer place, without going to the vehicle management office of the transfer place to inspect the vehicles and extract paper files. The file information is transferred to dmv, where people move in, through the network, thus reducing the commuting between the two places.

　　Wang Qiang, Deputy Director of Traffic Management Bureau of Ministry of Public Security.: First, you don’t have to run twice. The second one doesn’t need to issue a temporary number plate. I’m worried that this number plate will expire. What’s the problem in the process? Third, this file does not need to be brought by the owner himself, so this avoids the loss of a file in the middle, or the file is tampered with by criminals. The common people also saved the trouble. Besides running twice, he didn’t need to check the car twice.

Hello, on behalf of the deputy magistrate who took ＂durian＂ to the two sessions： ＂The realization of＂ durian freedom ＂is just around the corner＂

CCTV News (Reporter Wang Jingyuan Lu Yuanyuan):During the two sessions of the National People’s Congress, Lu Yan, deputy head of Baoting Li and Miao Autonomous County, Hainan Province, made suggestions on supporting the high-quality development of the domestic durian industry.

This year, Lv Yan came to Beijing with the durian wenchuang doll "Liu Xiaoxin" from her hometown. In an interview with CCTV reporters, she repeatedly talked about the historical origin of Baoting County and Durian in her hometown.

Lu Yan introduced that in 1958, the first durian tree introduced from China was successfully planted in Baoting. After the efforts of three generations of researchers and growers, in 2018, Hainan finally harvested the first batch of domestic durian fruits. At present, the planting area of durian in Hainan province is more than 40 thousand mu, of which Baoting accounts for nearly 20 thousand mu. In 2024, 4,000 mu of durian in Baoting entered a high-yield period, with an output value of 60,000 to 100,000 yuan per mu, and its economic benefits far exceeded that of traditional agriculture.

However, in the investigation, Lu Yan found that the development of domestic durian industry still faces many challenges: durian is a typical tropical fruit tree, which requires harsh conditions such as air, sunshine, humidity, temperature, water and fertilizer. Hainan Province is located in the northern edge of the tropical region and needs to cultivate varieties suitable for local cultivation; In the early stage of durian planting, the investment per mu exceeded 10 thousand yuan, which was a heavy burden for farmers; Durian planting technology requires high standards, and growers lack the guidance of standardized planting technology; Compared with traditional durian producing countries, China lacks experience in durian cultivation. At present, durian imported from Southeast Asia still occupies the main market in China, and domestic durian needs to play its own brand.

Facing the pressure of absolute quantity advantage of imported durian, Lu Yan believes that domestic durian must work hard on quality if it wants to break through. For example, many consumers can’t accept the smell of imported durian, and this smell is caused by "cooking on the road" — — Imported durians are usually picked when they are ripe in June or July, and then naturally placed or ripened during transportation.

In contrast, domestic durian from Hainan can be cooked on the tree, with higher sweetness and sweet taste. The scarcity of "ripe on the tree" is also the reason why the price of domestic durian is generally higher than that of imported durian.

"People want to plant, but they can’t plant. They all want to get planting training to reduce the sunk cost of investment." Lu Yan said that Hainan, as the only tropical island province in China, has the unique advantage of developing the domestic durian industry after more than 60 years of exploration. This industry is expected to become a gold industry with tropical characteristics and efficient agriculture, injecting new kinetic energy into the revitalization of rural industries. "I think we have achieved ‘ Durian Freedom ’ Just around the corner. "

According to customs data, the import of durian in China reached a record high of 15.6 billion kilograms in 2024. Lu Yan said that in the face of such a huge market, domestic durian must seize the opportunity. At this year’s National People’s Congress, she made suggestions to strengthen scientific and technological support, build a domestic durian geographical indication brand, form an industrial cluster, and provide a "Hainan Plan" to reduce import dependence and ensure the supply security of tropical agricultural products.

Fully charged in four and a half minutes! The third generation power station or Cheng Weilai’s ＂killer＂

　　China Times reporter Liu Kai Yu Jianping reports from Beijing.

　　When electrification becomes the general trend of the transformation of the automobile industry, the problem of energy replenishment has become a hot topic in the industry.

　　At present, there are roughly two ways to replenish energy for pure electric vehicles. One is the over-filled pile used by Tesla, Guangzhou Automobile Ai ‘an and other enterprises. The other is the power exchange station laid out by enterprises such as Weilai and Ruilan. The former is more convenient and can be installed in residential areas, parking lots and other locations. While the latter is to improve the energy replenishment efficiency and reduce the energy replenishment time.

　　Although the charging pile is still the most common way to replenish energy in the current market, the power exchange station has become the favorite way for car owners because of its ultra-fast efficiency. To this end, enterprises involved in the field of power exchange have also begun to increase the construction of power exchange stations.

　　On March 28th, Weilai Third Generation Power Station made its debut in Haikou. It is understood that the new generation of power exchange stations will be launched simultaneously in Beijing, Wuxi, Chengdu, Zhengzhou, Shenzhen, Shanghai, Qingdao, Hefei, Harbin and other cities in early April.

　　Shen Fei, senior vice president of Weilai Energy, said: "After March 28, except for a few unfinished second-generation power stations, all the third-generation power stations will be launched later. It is estimated that 90% of the 1,000 new power stations in 2023 will be newly launched third-generation power stations. "

　　It only takes four and a half minutes to change the power.

　　Since China began to promote new energy vehicles, energy replenishment has become a difficult problem that puzzles the development of the industry. Due to imperfect infrastructure construction and unbalanced proportion of charging piles, many consumers cannot accept new energy vehicles. According to the data released by China Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure Promotion Alliance, in 2022, China’s charging infrastructure will increase by 2.593 million units, and the ratio of pile to vehicle will increase by 1∶2.7. Judging from the proportion of vehicles and piles, there is still a big gap from the national requirement of 1:1.

　　"I thought about the battery life of new energy vehicles before buying a car. The home is also an old community, and it is not suitable to install charging piles. The reason why Weilai automobile was chosen later is because of the perfect power exchange service. I still remember the scene when the salesman showed me how to change the electricity, and the car automatically entered the power station. At that time, I felt that I must have bought Wei, which was too convenient. " A owner of Weilai ET5 told the reporter of China Times.

　　Indeed, the power exchange mode has brought great convenience to car owners, and Weilai Automobile has also attracted a large number of users by the power exchange service. It is understood that it only takes about 5 minutes to change the electricity, while it takes about 1 hour to charge.

　　Shen Fei said that since Weilai delivered the first power station in Nanshan, Shenzhen in 2018, by March 28, 1,232 power stations had been built nationwide, with a total number of power exchanges exceeding 19 million. In addition, more than 50% of Weilai’s car owners’ energy supplement comes from electricity exchange. Compared with the charging amount and the exchange amount, the proportion of electricity exchange is constantly rising, and the proportion of charged electricity is constantly decreasing.

　　At the same time, in February 2023, Li Bin, founder, chairman and CEO of Weilai, released a "Thousand Stations Plan". The plan is to increase the number of new power stations in 2023 from the original 400 to 1,000. This means that Weilai will build more than 2,300 power stations by the end of 2023.

　　In addition to constantly increasing the layout of the power station, Weilai has been upgrading the power station to improve the customer experience. Shen Fei said that the third generation power station has a comprehensive improvement in experience and efficiency. From the user experience, the height of the platform of the third generation power station is about 100 mm lower than that of the second generation power station. At the same time, the vehicle changing position has also moved forward by 400 mm. These changes can make users feel more comfortable. In terms of efficiency, compared with the second generation, the third generation power station shortens the whole power exchange time by 20%. This means that the power exchange time of the third generation power exchange station only takes about 4 and a half minutes.

　　In addition, the number of battery positions in the third generation power station has increased to 21, and the number of service times per day can reach 408, and the service capacity is improved by 30% compared with that of the second generation power station. It is worth mentioning that the third generation power station has also added over-filled piles. In addition to changing electricity, eight super-charged piles can also support the energy demand of 8-10 vehicles per hour.

　　"Weilai will constantly update the power station. First, it is to provide better services to users and let users experience the convenience of changing electricity. The second is to let more consumers reduce their concerns about energy replenishment and accept pure electric vehicles, which is also a good way for Weilai to enhance brand awareness. " Kun Wang, an auto analyst, told the reporter of China Times.

　　Policy-driven, multi-enterprise entry

　　In fact, in order to increase the development and promotion of new energy vehicles, changing electricity has become the focus of national promotion in recent years. In 2020, the power exchange station was written into the "Government Work Report" and became one of the seven important areas of China’s new infrastructure. In 2022, various departments introduced a series of favorable policies. For example, the Key Points of Automobile Standardization Work in 2022 issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology proposes that it is necessary to "speed up the construction and improvement of the charging and replacing standard system for electric vehicles, and promote the formulation of standards such as on-board battery replacement system, universal battery replacement platform and battery replacement package for pure electric vehicles". Seven departments, including the National Development and Reform Commission, jointly issued the Implementation Plan for Promoting Green Consumption, which also made it clear to strengthen the construction of supporting infrastructure such as charging and replacing electricity, and promote the pilot work of the application of new energy vehicle replacement mode. In addition, Chongqing, Hainan, Chengdu and other local governments also provide subsidies and incentive policies for power exchange projects.

　　At the two sessions of the National People’s Congress that ended before, Feng Xingya, deputy secretary of the Party Committee of Guangzhou Automobile Group, mentioned in the "Proposal on Accelerating the Promotion of Power Exchange Mode of New Energy Vehicles and Accelerating the Transformation of Automobile Industry" that the power exchange mode has obvious advantages, but at present, China’s power exchange mode is still in its infancy, the overall planning and layout is backward, and problems such as less investment in research and development of power exchange vehicles, high construction cost of power exchange stations, different battery standards and specifications, and lack of foundation for resource sharing have yet to be solved. Feng Xingya suggested to speed up the overall layout of the promotion of the national power exchange mode, study and introduce various policies to support the power exchange mode, support and reward automobile enterprises to launch power exchange models, increase the encouragement of vehicle-electric separation policies, and exempt the purchase tax of batteries for power exchange models after the country cancels the purchase tax exemption policy for new energy vehicles.

　　Zhou Tianle, an analyst at Guotai Junan Securities, said: "The power exchange industry has benefited from favorable policies, technological upgrading and capital entry, and has great development potential. The battery exchange mode can solve the pain point of’ charging efficiency’ and has the advantages of battery maintenance, energy storage and reducing the cost of car purchase. It is estimated that by the end of 2025, 22,100 power exchange stations will be built in China, forming an equipment market space of 38.3 billion yuan; By the end of 2030, it is expected to build 88,300 power stations, forming an equipment market space of 109.1 billion yuan. "

　　In this context, enterprises have also begun to lay out in the power exchange market. In addition to Weilai Automobile, there are other automobile companies including BAIC, Geely and SAIC, as well as enterprises such as Hanchuan Intelligent, () and Bozhong Seiko.

　　Industrial Securities pointed out that multiple factors catalyzed the change of electricity to take advantage of the situation. The business model has taken shape and the industrial chain has entered the market. The penetration of electric vehicles was accelerated, and the market of 100 billion yuan was opened in three years. The new energy vehicle market is in the ascendant, driving the increasing demand for energy replenishment; The application of power exchange mode in specific scenarios will complement the charging mode. Thanks to policy support, mature business model and investment layout in all links of the industrial chain, the power exchange industry is about to enter the fast lane of large-scale development.

Entrapped anti-influenza drugs

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:With freehand brushwork biotech (Biotech(ID：TXYBiotech), Author: Yang Yi, original title: "Anti-influenza drugs and market analysis", title map from: vision china.

The ugly SARS-CoV-19 has not been completely conquered by human beings, and the lingering influenza virus has begun to wreak havoc again. The struggle between human beings and viruses is like this."Scientific Progress-Virus Variation and Drug Resistance"It spirals up in this cycle. The periodic spread of seasonal influenza virus makes the importance of anti-influenza drug development stand out again.

Oseltamivir, which went on the market 24 years ago, is still the mainstay of anti-influenza drugs. Although the first new drug, Baloshavir, enriched the team of anti-influenza drugs, it went on the market five years ago. After learning the cruelty of SARS-CoV-19 virus, people need to make a breakthrough in the development of influenza drugs.

I. Classification of seasonal influenza

Seasonal influenza（Seasonal influenza）It is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by influenza virus prevalent all over the world. There are four types of seasonal influenza viruses, A, B, C and D.(Chinese corresponds to influenza A, B, C and D). Influenza A and B viruses spread and cause seasonal epidemics.（seasonal epidemics）.

According to the hemagglutinin on the surface of the virus（HA， hemagglutinin）And neuraminidase（NA， neuraminidase）The combination of influenza A virus is further divided into different subtypes. At present, subtype A is transmitted among humans.（H1N1）And a（H3N2）Influenza virus. A（H1N1）Influenza virus is also written as A.（H1N1）Pdm09, because it caused a pandemic in 2009, replaced the seasonal influenza A spread before 2009.（H1N1）Viruses.

Only influenza A virus is known to cause a pandemic at present. Influenza B virus is not classified into subtypes, but can be classified into lineages. The currently popular influenza B virus belongs to B/Yamagata or B/Victoria pedigree. The detection frequency of influenza C virus is low, which usually causes mild infection, so it is not of public health importance. Influenza D virus mainly affects cattle and does not infect or cause human diseases.[1]

Second, influenza treatment

Seasonal flu patients without complications, if they have symptoms, stay at home and do their bit to reduce the spread of the virus. By means of self-monitoring, we can decide whether to seek medical treatment.

Patients suffering from serious or progressive clinical diseases related to influenza, that is, pneumonia, septicemia or clinical syndrome aggravated by chronic basic diseases, should receive antiviral drugs as soon as possible. The most common anti-influenza drugs are neuraminidase inhibitors.（Neuraminidase inhibitors）Oseltamivir（oseltamivir）. Ideally, it should be taken within 48 hours of symptoms to maximize the curative effect. It is recommended to treat for at least 5 days, but it can be extended until the clinical improvement is satisfactory.

It should be noted that corticosteroids should not be used for influenza.(corticosteroid, such as prednisone, cortisone, hydrocortisone, etc.)Unless there are other reasons.(e.g. asthma and other specific conditions)Because corticosteroids may lead to prolonged virus clearance time and double infection of bacteria or fungi caused by immunosuppression.

At present, all popular influenza viruses are resistant to adamantane antiviral drugs.(Adamantane antivirals, such as amantadine and rimantadine)Because of their drug resistance, these drugs are not recommended for monotherapy.[1]

Third, anti-influenza drugs

The main anti-influenza drugs are divided into adamantane, neuraminidase inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors.(Table 1).[2]　There are four kinds of anti-influenza drugs approved by FDA recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Rapivab. （peramivir），Relenza（zanamivir），Tamiflu （oseltamivir phosphate）And Xofluza（baloxavir marboxil）.[3]

Table 1. Antiinfluenza drugs

1. Neuraminidase inhibitors（Neuraminidase inhibitors）　

Neuraminidase inhibitor（NAI）Targeted neuraminidase（NA）Glycoprotein, which is second only to hemagglutinin in human body.（HA）The most abundant surface glycoprotein. Neuraminidase inhibitors can achieve antiviral effect by inhibiting the emergence of new virus particles in host cells and preventing the enzyme activity necessary for virus transmission.[4]

The four most common neuraminidase inhibitors are oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir and laninamivir.(Figure 1).

Fig. 1. Common neuraminidase inhibitors and their molecular structures.

Although their structures are similar, there are obvious differences in treatment schemes, routes of administration and drug resistance. The most widely used neuraminidase inhibitor is oseltamivir.(Trade name: Tamiflu)The treatment plan for adults is 75mg twice a day for 5 days. Due to zanamivir(trade name Relenza)The oral bioavailability of is low.（<5%）Therefore, it is approved as an inhalation drug, 5mg each time, twice a day for 5 days.

In 2019, intravenous zanamivir(trade name Dectova)Authorized by the European Union to be used under special circumstances.(e.g. in case of resistance to other anti-influenza drugs). Efforts to increase bioavailability and half-life have led to peramivir.(Trade name: Rapivab/Rapiacta/PeramiFlu)Development of, by intravenous infusion with a single dose of 600mg; And ranimivir (trade name Inavir), a more persistent neuraminidase inhibitor, showed therapeutic effect after a single nasal inhalation dose.[5] Paramivir and Ranimivir are allowed to be used in a few countries around the world, while oseltamivir and zanamivir are more widely approved geographically.

Different neuraminidase inhibitors show different efficacy, which mainly depends on the subtype/pedigree of influenza virus that infects patients.For example, oseltamivir versus A（H1N1）, a（H3N2）And the seasonal uncomplicated influenza caused by influenza A and B virus is more effective. However, the effect of antiviral therapy may be limited by the resistance of influenza virus to neuraminidase inhibitors. Different neuraminidase inhibitors have different drug resistance.

In view of the drug resistance of common neuraminidase inhibitors, people are now focusing on emerging drugs in research. At least two new neuraminidase inhibitors and one neuraminidase blocker are in the first and second development stages.

HNC042(Guangzhou Hengnuokang Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd. and Heilongjiang Zhenbaodao Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.)In preclinical studies, it showed effective inhibitory activity against wild-type and oseltamivir-resistant NA-H274Y virus. HNC042 showed good safety, tolerability and linear pharmacokinetics in phase I trials in the United States.Learning (NCT04603989). HNC042 is used to prevent and treat influenza, especially for critically ill patients who need hospitalization.

AV5080(ChemRar, Russia, Viriom, USA, Figure 2)The preclinical evaluation revealed the activity against a variety of influenza viruses, including oseltamivir-resistant strains. Oral AV5080 shows good physicochemical and metabolic characteristics and good pharmacokinetic characteristics in animals.[6]

Fig. 2. chemical structure of a new neuraminidase inhibitor drug candidate AV5080.

CD388 (Cidora Therapeutics Inc., USA)It is a long-acting neuraminidase blocker, and its structure is obtained by coupling neuraminidase of influenza virus to human antibody fragment.(Fc）Proprietary variants of the domain, so as to achieve two completely different and complementary mechanisms.(Figure 3). This new method of preventing and treating virus infection is expected to provide universal protection throughout the flu season. By targeting highly conserved virus areas, CD388 can potentially protect individuals from all influenza strains, including seasonal and pandemic influenza A, influenza B and major drug-resistant viruses with clinical characteristics.（NCT05523089）.

Figure 3. Schematic diagram of CDD components. (Source: CIDARA Therapeutics)


2. Polymerase inhibitors（Polymerase Inhibitors）　

Influenza virus RNA polymerase is very important for virus gene transcription and genome replication, which makes it the main goal of targeted drug design. They are highly conserved among influenza A, B, C and D viruses.[7] Influenza virus RNA polymerase consists of three subunits: polymerase basic protein 1 in influenza A and B viruses. （PB1）Polymerase basic protein 2（PB2）And polymerase acidic protein.（PA）Or polymerase 3 protein in influenza viruses C and D.(P3) (Figure 4).

Fig. 4. Virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex model. In vRNP, the 5′ and 3′ ends of genomic antisense virus RNA (vRNA) fragment are bound by heterotrimeric RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and the rest of vRNA is wrapped by nucleoprotein (NP). The complex is twisted into an antiparallel double helix structure, and its structure is maintained by the contact between NP monomers. The vRNA forms a loop opposite to the polymerase binding end 6. (Source: Nature)

The active sites of polymerase that bind, cleave and extend RNA are conserved in various types of influenza viruses, which is why RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is considered as the target of antiviral agents. Recently, several polymerase inhibitors have been developed for each subunit, including PB1 inhibitor favipiravir, PB2 inhibitor pimodivir and PA inhibitor baloxavir marboxil (Figure 5).

Among them, baloxavir marboxil is a relatively new drug, which belongs to hat-dependent endonuclease inhibitor.（cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor， CENI）, a new anti-influenza drug with a new mechanism of action initiated in recent 20 years, was developed by Shionogi.（Shionogi）First developed by Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., there is no equivalent generic drug, which has been proved to have similar symptom relief time and greater viral load reduction for healthy adults and oseltamivir.[8]　A retrospective study shows that baloxavir marboxil may reduce the hospitalization rate compared with neuraminidase inhibitors.[9]

Fig. 5. Chemical structure of anti-influenza drugs of RNA polymerase inhibitors.

The drug resistance of Baloxavir marboxil, Favipiravir and Pimodivir and other defects highlight the need to develop other polymerase targeting molecules that can widely inhibit influenza A and B viruses.

Pre-clinical studies on various PB2-targeted small molecules are under way.[10]　At least one of them（CC-42344） In the first stage（NCT05202379）, the other one（ZSP1273）In the third stage of research(NCT04024137) (Figure 7). Substitutes for nucleoside inhibitors of Favipiravir, such as molnupiravir.(Figure 6)Because it is effective against various RNA viruses, it may be beneficial to the treatment of influenza, but they may also have teratogenic side effects similar to Favipiravir, so Merck, its developer, finally gave up the development of influenza viruses and turned to Covid-19 for treatment.The development of PB1 inhibitors based on nucleoside and non-nucleoside is in preclinical stage.[11]　But there is no clinical trial at present.

Baloxavir marboxil obviously provides a broad idea for developing polymerase inhibitor anti-influenza drugs, and many patents and in vitro studies focus on compounds or variants of Baloxavir marboxil skeleton.[12] Although some of them have shown promising in vitro efficacy and pharmacodynamics in mice,[13]　However, candidate drugs such as AL-749 did not pass the Phase I test.

Cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor TG-1000 (Dongyangguang Pharmaceutical)And GP681(Jiangxi Qingfeng and Yinxingshu Pharmaceutical Co-developed)Recently completed the second phase of the experiment.（NCT04706468、NCT04736758), and the recruitment of ZX-7101A phase 1 research is under way.（NCT05217732）. Various small molecules and peptides that disrupt the important protein-protein interaction between components of polymerase complex, including the key contact between PA and PB1 or between PB1 and PB2, are in the preclinical development stage.[14]

Fig. 6. Chemical structure of a new polymerase inhibitor molnupiravir.

Fourth, the global market of anti-influenza drugs

According to the latest report released by Growth Plus Reports, the global influenza drug market is expected to reach US$ 1.51 billion by 2030, and it will grow at a compound annual growth rate of 4.8% during the forecast period. The number of influenza cases increases sharply every year, which is expected to promote the sustained growth of the influenza drug market.[15]

North America accounts for most of the global influenza drug market.The high diagnosis rate of influenza, the wider basis of drug discovery and development, the wide availability of treatment methods, and the more significant medical expenditure contribute to the dominant position of influenza drugs in the North American market. The Asia-Pacific region has the second largest market share of influenza drugs in the world. The high prevalence rate, the government’s measures to control diseases, and the increase in health care expenditure have affected this growth.

Due to the increasing incidence of diseases and the existence of considerable influenza-related risk factors in the general population, it is expected that the European market will also see significant growth. NCBI(National Biotechnology Information Center)According to a new study, there are 27,600 respiratory deaths related to seasonal influenza in 28 EU countries every winter, of which 88% are people over 65. The mortality rate of this age group is about 35 times that of people aged 65 and under.

The main participants in the development and sales of influenza drugs include: Sanofi, Lupin, Teva, Shionogi, Macleods, Alvogen, AstraZaneca, BioCryst, La Roche, Novartis, Vitaris, etc.

V. Summary　

Although it is not as ugly as SARS-CoV-2 virus, influenza virus also kills many people, and treating influenza is still an arduous challenge for human beings. Like other antiviral drugs, the development of influenza drugs faces the difficulty of virus resistance. Baloxavir marboxil is the first new drug, which shows activity against some oseltamivir-resistant strains, and there is no significant difference in safety and effectiveness from the recently known drugs used to treat influenza. The listing of Baloxavir marboxil also brings new opportunities for combined treatment with two drugs with different mechanisms of action. Although this kind of research has not been carried out systematically, it provides a valuable new direction for influenza treatment.

In addition to Baloxavir marboxil, there are many drugs under research at different clinical stages.(Figure 7)They will be optimized in pharmacology, drug resistance, pharmacokinetics, etc., and stand on the shoulders of a few influenza drugs at present to launch a unremitting struggle against influenza virus.

Fig. 7. Overview of anti-influenza drugs in development. (Source: Antiviral Research)

References:

[1] WHO. Influenza (Seasonal). 12， 01， 2023. ↑[] Jones， J. C. et al. Influenza antivirals and their role in pandemic preparedness. Antiviral Research. 2023， 210， 105499.　

[2] Influenza (Flu) Antiviral Drugs and Related Information. FDA. 08， 12， 2022.　　

[3] Monto， A. S. et al. Influenza pandemics: history and lessons learned. Webster， R. G. et al (Eds.)， Textbook of Influenza (2 ed.)， Wiley Blackwell， West Sussex， United Kingdom (2013)， pp. 20-36　　

[4] Sugaya， N. et al. Long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor laninamivir octanoate (CS-8958) versus oseltamivir as treatment for children with influenza virus infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2010， 54， 2575-2582

[5] Ivachtchenko， A. V. et al. Novel oral anti-influenza drug candidate AV5080. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2014， 69， 1892-1902.　　

[6] Peng， Q. et al. Structural insight into RNA synthesis by influenza D polymerase. Nat Microbiol. 2019， 4， 1750–1759.　　

[7] Hayden， F. G. et al. Baloxavir marboxil for uncomplicated influenza in adults and adolescentsN. Engl. J. Med. 2018， 379， 913-923.　

[8] Komeda， T. et al. Comparison of hospitalization incidence in influenza outpatients treated with baloxavir marboxil or neuraminidase inhibitors: a health insur ance claims database studyClin. Infect. Dis.， 2021， 73， e1181-e1190.　

[9] Chen， W. et al.　 Approaches for discovery of small-molecular antivirals targeting to influenza A virus PB2 subunit. Drug Discov. Today. 2022， 27， 1545-1553.　

[10] Hou， L. et al. Contemporary medicinal chemistry strategies for the discovery and optimization of influenza inhibitors targeting vRNP constituent proteins. Acta Pharm. Sin. B. 2022， 12， 1805-1824.　　

[11] Stevaert， A. et al. The influenza virus polymerase complex: an update on its structure， functions， and significance for antiviral drug design. Med. Res. Rev. 2016， 36， 1127-1173.　

[12] Ivashchenko， A. A. et al. Synthesis， inhibitory activity and oral dosing formulation of AV5124， the structural analogue of influenza virus endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 2021， 76， 1010-1018.　

[13] Massari， S. et al. Inhibition of influenza virus polymerase by interfering with its protein-protein interactions. ACS Infect. Dis. 2021， 7， 1332-1350.

[14] Influenza Medication Market – Global Outlook & Forecast 2022-2030. Growth Plus. 11， 10， 2022.　

This article comes from WeChat WeChat official account:With freehand brushwork biotech (Biotech(ID：TXYBiotech), author: Yang Yi

During the epidemic period, the import and export trade volume of cross-border e-commerce has not decreased, but has become an important force to stabilize foreign trade.

　 　　　Cctv newsOn January 14th, the State Council held a press conference on import and export in 2020. Li Kuiwen, spokesperson of the General Administration of Customs and director of the Statistics and Analysis Department, introduced at the meeting that in 2020, as an emerging trade format, the import and export trade volume of cross-border e-commerce showed signs of rising instead of falling during the epidemic, becoming an important force for stabilizing foreign trade. China Customs has been actively adapting to and promoting the development of cross-border e-commerce, constantly innovating and optimizing the supervision system, and supporting the orderly development of new formats such as cross-border e-commerce.

　　First, comprehensively promote the regulatory measures for the return of cross-border e-commerce export commodities. Optimize cross-border e-commerce retail import return measures, solve the problem of difficult return of cross-border e-commerce export commodities, and fully support cross-border e-commerce export enterprises to "sell the world". Optimize cross-border e-commerce retail import return measures to help enterprises overcome the impact of logistics delays caused by the epidemic and help enterprises improve their after-sales service system.

　　The second is to innovate and carry out cross-border e-commerce business-to-business (B2B) export pilot. The trade mode of "9710" ("business-to-business direct export from cross-border electronic commerce" is applicable to the goods directly exported by cross-border e-commerce) and "9810" ("cross-border electronic commerce exports overseas warehouses" is applicable to the goods exported by cross-border e-commerce) has been piloted in 22 directly affiliated customs offices, such as Beijing, and the innovative achievements of cross-border e-commerce supervision have been extended from B2C to B2B, with supporting measures to facilitate customs clearance. Pilot enterprises can apply customs clearance facilitation measures such as "one-time registration, one-point docking, priority inspection, allowing transit and facilitating return".

　　The third is to expand and smooth cross-border e-commerce logistics channels. Affected by the epidemic, in 2020, international flights were suspended and classes were reduced in a large area, and the traditional transport capacity plummeted. The General Administration of Customs promptly issued ten measures to support the development of China-Europe trains, and supported the use of China-Europe train capacity to carry out cross-border transportation services such as e-commerce and mail. During the epidemic, the Customs supported the postal department to open temporary postal routes for entry and exit, and opened 15 temporary exit ports and 13 temporary entry ports, actively transporting inbound and outbound mail and cross-border e-commerce goods, and fully ensuring the stability of the industrial chain supply chain.

　　Fourth, make every effort to ensure the orderly customs clearance of cross-border e-commerce peak commodities such as "double 11". In 2020, cross-border e-commerce grew rapidly, with 2.45 billion votes of import and export lists cleared through the customs cross-border electronic commerce management platform, up 63.3% year-on-year. During the "double 11" in 2020, the country handled a total of 52.27 million import and export lists through the customs cross-border e-commerce import and export unified version system, an increase of 25.5% over the previous year; The peak value of processing list reached 3407 votes/second, an increase of 113.2%, and all indicators reached new highs.

　　The fifth is to improve cross-border e-commerce statistics. The General Administration of Customs has made full use of China’s "Electronic Commerce Law" and the definition of cross-border e-commerce by the World Customs Organization to explore and establish a statistical system for cross-border e-commerce. According to the preliminary statistics of the customs, in 2020, the import and export of cross-border e-commerce in China was 1.69 trillion yuan, up by 31.1%, of which 1.12 trillion yuan was exported, up by 40.1%, and 0.57 trillion yuan was imported, up by 16.5%.

Does the flu ＂magic medicine＂ have a miraculous effect？ Health and Health Commission’s response： Any medicine has its limitations, so it is necessary to prevent drug abuse.

　　Cctv newsOn January 25th, a press conference was held in National Health Commission to introduce the prevention and control of infectious diseases in winter and spring and the prevention and response of common diseases during festivals. Song Shuli, spokesperson of the National Health and Wellness Committee and deputy director of the Propaganda Department, said in response to a reporter’s question that any drug must be targeted, have indications and have limitations. Guo Yanhong, deputy director of the Medical Administration and Hospital Authority of the National Health and Wellness Commission, said that early diagnosis and treatment are advocated for influenza.

　　journalistNow there is a flu medicine,In many reports and in the eyes of patients’ parents, oseltamivir is a miraculous drug for influenza. How to treat the role of oseltamivir in anti-influenza reasonably?

　　Song Shuli: meI don’t quite agree with the so-called "magic medicine". What is "magic medicine"? We are against this concept.Any medicine must be targeted, have indications and have limitations. The field of health is very professional and policy-oriented. I hope everyone can gradually become an expert in this field.

　　Guo yanhongAny medication must have indications, and the flu diagnosis and treatment plan has its indications for the use of various drugs.

　　We advocate early diagnosis and treatment of influenza.Early diagnosis and treatment can reduce the severity and complications earlier. "oseltamivir" can play a very good role in the use of influenza within 48 hours, so our diagnosis and treatment plan especially advocates early antiviral treatment within 48 hours. Of course, there are many antiviral drugs, including oseltamivir and other drugs, which have different indications.

　　We especially advocate in diagnosis and treatment.It is necessary to systematically standardize medication., according to the corresponding indications, the corresponding dosage and time. At the same time, strengthen medication guidance for patients and their families,It is necessary to guard against both drug shortage and drug abuse.

Chinese herbal medicines are faked and concealed, and it is normal to renovate medicine dregs and sell them out of stock.

　　CCTV News:Drugs are related to people’s health, and the quality of drugs must be guaranteed. However, the reporter recently found in an interview in Bozhou, Anhui Province, which is known as the "drug capital", that there is still adulteration and selling fakes in the circulation of Chinese herbal medicines.

　　In order to reduce the cost, Bozhou Chinese herbal medicine market is located in Bozhou Economic Development Zone, which is the largest Chinese herbal medicine distribution center in China. Starting at six o’clock every morning, it is crowded with merchants who come to trade. Raspberry is a common Chinese medicine, and the ancient prescription is mostly used for tonifying kidney and stopping bleeding. The reporter’s investigation found that the price of raspberries in the market is nearly 20 times different from 10 yuan to 200 yuan a kilogram. The drug dealers in the market told us that if we want to reduce the cost, we should mix 40 yuan or 50 yuan or even a few dollars a kilogram of defective products and fakes into raspberries with more than 200 yuan.

　　China’s Pharmacopoeia clearly stipulates that only Rubus palmatum in East China has legal efficacy, and the bargains that reporters saw in the market were identified as raspberries and raspberries, which were not medicinal materials at all.　

　　In order to reduce the cost, the reporter learned that raspberries, raspberries and the dregs screened from raspberries in the market are sold in large quantities, and they are often sold out of stock, and the efficacy can hardly be guaranteed. The drug dealer said that these things could not be sold in the market. After communication, the boss agreed to take us to her house to see those sought-after drug foams.

　　At the drug dealer’s home, the reporter heard that there were raspberries that were cheaper than mozi. In order to see this fake, the reporter found several drug dealer bosses according to the market drug dealer’s address book. Finally, through the recommendation of the industry, we found this kind of "raspberry" that was cheaper than dregs near Bozhou Railway Station.

　　In layman’s view, this cheaper raspberry is much better than those before, and they are all one by one, but experts say that this kind of thing is called raspberry.

　　It is by no means a market case for Chinese herbal medicines to be genuine.

　　Medicine is a cure, which can be said to be a matter of human life. Whether it is decoction pieces or Chinese patent medicine, the loss of efficacy and loss of efficacy will delay the illness, and it can’t be cheap and inferior like ordinary commodities. The reporter found in an interview in Bozhou that the problematic Chinese medicines in the whole market are far more than raspberries.

　　In Bozhou Chinese herbal medicine market, most of the stalls are full of granules and good quality medicinal materials. When buyers need to bargain wholesale, many merchants will take their customers home to see the big goods, and the prices of these big goods are quite affordable. The Chinese herbal medicine Vitex negundo has the effects of lowering blood pressure, relieving pain and diminishing inflammation. The better price in the market is more than 200 yuan per kilogram, while the price of large sales orders by drug dealers is only 20 yuan per kilogram.

　　Drugs entering pharmaceutical factories generally have to undergo efficacy testing and issue samples and certificates. How do they do it with such a large sales volume of cheap and inferior medicinal materials?

　　Drug dealers say that at present, the procurement and testing of various pharmaceutical companies are carried out by their own people, and the pharmaceutical companies buy their own self-inspection, and the drug supervision department only conducts random inspections on some samples of certain drugs. A buyer in a pharmaceutical factory revealed the internal rules of purchasing to us.

　　Drug purchaser: "Like ordinary small factories, they are all private small factories. It is the boss’s intention to buy poor quality medicinal materials. Our raw materials are inspected by ourselves when they come in, and they are also inspected by ourselves when they leave the factory. The national regulatory authorities only conduct random inspections."

　　In addition to raspberries and Vitex negundo, in Compendium of Materia Medica, Rhizoma Corydalis, which has the effects of promoting blood circulation, benefiting qi and relieving pain, is simply a processed fake medicine in the hands of some drug dealers. In an alley in Houli Village of Bozhou Railway Station, a merchant specializes in making fake yuanhu, and the fake raw material is yam ribs. The reporter also found that some drug dealers will also recycle the dregs from pharmaceutical factories after extracting the effective components and sell them as medicinal materials.

　　Forgery, concealment, renovation, market supervision must be strengthened

　　The reporter learned that the heads of 17 Chinese herbal medicine professional markets in China have signed a "military order" to fully organize the rectification of the Chinese herbal medicine market. It can be said that after these years, most Chinese herbal medicines in the circulation field are still good and reliable. However, adulteration and fraud still exist in some markets, and the supervision methods need to be upgraded urgently.

　　The reporter made an unannounced visit to Bozhou for five days. The most direct clue is that this list records the contact information of major drug dealers and the varieties of medicinal materials. Among the fifteen drug dealers asked by the reporter, nearly ten kinds of medicinal materials whose prices are obviously lower than the market price basically have quality problems.

　　Xiao Luwei, executive director of the Chinese Medicine Association: "The key in the industry is supervision, and the key to supervision is punishment. Then there is also a problem of high quality and good price. High quality and good price is a very important thing. If your price is low, then everyone will cut corners. "

　　Chinese herbal medicines are not ordinary commodities and foods, and the source supervision is not in place. They should be supervised in advance and become supervised afterwards. Once the inferior and inferior Chinese herbal medicines enter the market, they will not be changed in the production process of Chinese patent medicines, but will eventually affect the efficacy and safety of patients in clinical application. In the past two years, there have been many problems with Chinese herbal pieces reported in various places, such as forsythia suspensa, Radix Isatidis and so on, and there are many well-known pharmaceutical companies that have problems.

　　Professor Liu Junhai of Renmin University Law School.: "The lag of supervision, the blind spot of supervision and the vacuum zone of supervision, I call it the failure of drug safety supervision. The drug safety supervision system should be 24 hours a day, 360 degrees, cross-market, cross-region, cross-department and cross-industry."

　　Liu Junhai said that in addition to supervision, the market pricing of Chinese herbal medicines should also be reformed. Bidding and purchasing should not be completely low, but high quality and good price should be achieved. From pricing to supervision, comprehensive policy.

　　Professor Liu Junhai of Renmin University Law School.: "The former State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the former State Food and Drug Administration, and the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine have all been formed into a unified State Administration of Market Supervision. Therefore, if there are loopholes in the supervision of the railway police in the past three carriages, it should be said that we have begun to work hard on a broad road of unified supervision and coordinated supervision from the institutional setup."

Central Meteorological Observatory： It will be rainy in the south and windy and cool in the central and eastern regions.

CCTV News:According to the website of the Central Meteorological Observatory, on January 21, the Central Meteorological Observatory issued a weather bulletin showing that there were small to moderate rains in the eastern part of southwest China, Jianghuai, Jianghan, Jiangnan and South China from 21 to 23; There are small to medium snow or sleet in northern Xinjiang, southern Gansu, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, northern and eastern North China, northern Huanghuai and south-central Northeast China. Among them, there is heavy snow in Tacheng, northern Xinjiang and some areas along Tianshan Mountain.

From 22nd to 24th, a new cold air will affect the central and eastern regions of China, with the temperature dropping by 4 ~ 8℃ in most areas, and 10 ~ 14℃ in parts of central Inner Mongolia, south-central Northeast China, eastern and southern Jiangnan, and the local temperature will be above 16℃. There will be 4 ~ 6 winds and 7 ~ 8 gusts in the above areas, and 6 ~ 8 winds and 9 ~ 18 gusts in the eastern and southern seas.

Specific forecast for the next three days

From 08: 00 on January 21 to 08: 00 on the 22 nd, there were small to medium snow or sleet in parts of northern Xinjiang, central and eastern Northeast China, east-central Inner Mongolia, southern Gansu, southwestern Shaanxi, southwestern Shanxi, northern Jiangsu, southern Qinghai and southeastern Tibet, among which there was heavy snow (5 ~ 9 mm) in northern Xinjiang along the Tianshan Mountains; There are light rains in parts of southern Huanghuai, Jianghuai, Jianghan, Jiangnan, eastern Southwest, central and eastern South China, and moderate rains in parts of eastern Jiangnan. There are 4 ~ 6 winds in parts of eastern Xinjiang, central and western Inner Mongolia, Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong Peninsula (see Figure 1). There will be northerly or northeast winds with 6-8 grades and gusts of 9 grades in the southern part of the East China Sea, the Taiwan Province Strait, the east of Taiwan Province, bashi channel and most of the South China Sea.

From 08: 00 on January 22 to 08: 00 on January 23, there were small to medium snow in parts of central and southeastern Inner Mongolia, northern Hebei, Beijing, eastern and southern Jilin, northern Liaoning, northern Shandong Peninsula and northern Gansu. There is light rain in parts of eastern and southern Jianghuai, most of Jianghan, south of the Yangtze River, east of southwest China and most of southern China. There are 4 ~ 6 winds in parts of Inner Mongolia, northern North China, Liaodong Peninsula and Shandong Peninsula (see Figure 2). There will be 5 ~ 7 winds in Bohai Sea and East China Sea, with 8 gusts.

From 08: 00 on January 23 to 08: 00 on January 24, there were small to medium snow in parts of eastern North China, eastern and northern Shandong, and western mountainous areas of southern Xinjiang. There is light rain in parts of the eastern part of southwest China, south China, south China and most of Taiwan Province Island, among which there is moderate rain in parts of the eastern part of south China. There are 4 ~ 6 winds in parts of Inner Mongolia, the eastern part of Northwest China, the southern part of Northeast China, North China, Huanghuai and the eastern part of Jiangnan (see Figure 3). There will be 7-8 winds and 9 gusts in the south-central Yellow Sea, the southern East China Sea, the Taiwan Province Strait and the east of Taiwan Province.

Arowana and hexagonal dinosaurs, which are common in the aquarium market, are actually protected animals？

Original seafood knows the species calendar

This beautiful hard-boned tongue fish in the picture has a well-known common name-Arowana. Artificially improved, it looks gorgeous and resembles the legendary dragon, so it is regarded as a feng shui fish and a lucky fish by many people. In the aquarium market, arowana is very popular, and the price of good appearance is even tens of millions.

Scleropages formosus | karelj/wikimediacommons

However, overfishing has endangered the beautiful wild hard-boned tongue fish. In the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), it is listed in Appendix I-which means that international trade in beautiful hard-boned tongue fish is prohibited unless there is special necessity. According to CITES appendix, our country also approved its wild population as a national key second-class protected animal.

So, can this kind of fish still be bought and kept? What about other animals that are common in the aquarium market?

How do you know if these fish can be raised?

In recent years, with more and more attention paid to environmental protection, many aquatic species traditionally cultivated in ornamental circles have been continuously listed in the protection list. To know which fish can be bought and sold and which fish need to be licensed, we must first determine their position in the animal list of our country.

At present, in China, the main basis for judging the level of animal protection is the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals. At the same time, the Fisheries and Fishery Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has formulated a list of aquatic species protection according to the CITES appendix (full name: List of Aquatic Animals Approved as National Key Protected Wild Animals in the Appendix of CITES). In addition, there is the national "List of Three Animals" (full name "List of Terrestrial Wild Animals Beneficial to National Protection or of Important Economic and Scientific Research Value") and the list of protected animals issued by various localities in their respective jurisdictions.

The List of National Key Wildlife Protected Animals is based on the current situation of wildlife resources in China, focusing on native species in China. The list of aquatic species protection is a reference list based on the degree and level of protection of various important wild animals in the world and further combined with the current situation in China.

Red arowana also belongs to the beautiful hard-boned tongue fish | Marcel Burkhard/Wikimedia Commons.

For example, the beautiful hard-boned tongue fish mentioned above did not appear in China’s wild protection list, but appeared in the protection list approved by CITES appendix, and it was approved as a first-class protected animal in China according to CITES, and the protected object was stipulated as a wild population. In other words, the arowana from the wild is to protect wild animals, but the artificial breeding is not to protect wild animals.

After the arowana was developed as an ornamental fish, varieties such as Golden Dragon with Back and Red Dragon were derived, all of which belonged to arowana. In addition, it is also approved as a protected animal (Grade II) and its close relative, Leptospira striata (wild population only). Fortunately, the arowana raised or sold today are basically artificial populations, and we usually don’t buy arowana from wild sources.

Scleropages inscriptus is also called "Totem Arowana | Kamphol Udomritthiruj/seriouslyfish.com.

Besides Arowana, what other common aquarium creatures are famous on the list? What kind of control do they need respectively?

These fish only protect wild populations.

white cloud mountain minnow

Baiyun Jinsi is also called "Tang Fish". This kind of omnivorous fish, which originated from mountain streams in southern China, is not only bright in color and grain, but also resistant to low temperature, with good skin and low price. It is an entry-level ornamental fish for countless aquarium lovers. Baiyun gold silk has a black and silver belt running through the body, which is very beautiful with the red and yellow blocks of caudal fin and ventral fin. After years of artificial cultivation efforts, there are albino and long-fin varieties of Baiyun Gold Wire, also known as "Huanghua Baiyun Gold Wire" and "Dafan Baiyun Gold Wire".

Tanichthys albo nubes | sannse/wikimedia commons

However, due to habitat loss and other problems, the population of this cheap small fish in the wild has dropped sharply. At present, the wild white gold silk is rated as a critically endangered species by the Red List of Biodiversity in China, and its wild population is also listed as a second-class protected animal by the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals.

mullet

The freshwater mullet, also known as "Smooth sailing", was once a very common edible fish in the Yangtze River system in China. Adult mullet has a towering dorsal fin and sexy thick lips. The juvenile mullet has black and white stripes all over its body, but it turns into a ribbon running through its body in adulthood-the female adult mullet has an indistinct black ribbon, and the male ribbon turns into a crimson color, which runs through the fish’s head, making it as beautiful as rouge, hence the name.

Myxocyprinus asiaticus | Chinese academy of fishery sciences

Myxocyprinus asiaticus has a long life, and its adult body can grow to nearly 1 meter. Most of the fish raised in the ornamental fish industry are fry. The juvenile Myxocyprinus asiaticus is cute and brightly colored, and it belongs to cold-water fish without heating, which has been favored by many original fish lovers. In recent years, thanks to the breakthrough and continuous expansion of artificial breeding, more and more artificial second-generation mullet have entered the ornamental fish market at a lower price and also entered the edible fish market.

However, in recent years, due to the environmental damage and overfishing in the Yangtze River basin, the wild mullet resources have dropped sharply. In the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals, the wild population of Myxocyprinus asiaticus is listed as a second-class protected animal.

These fish, artificial and wild populations are protected.

Giant bone tongue fish

Giant bone tongue fish, alias "elephant fish", has existed on the earth since more than 100 million years ago. The adult giant tongue fish can be more than 2.5 meters in size, and the historical record can be more than 4 meters long. Even piranhas dare not provoke it easily. The giant tongue fish has super-strong scales, and its brute force is huge. It has a strong impact force and can even easily smash human bones.

Arapaima gigas | Citron/Wikimedia Commons

The giant bone tongue fish is an adult domineering fish, which can’t be kept in the ordinary aquarium, but its seedling is a favorite of many aquarium lovers. Even if it is fry, giant bone tongue fish also has a domineering swimming posture, which is shocking to eat; With the growth, the second half of the body will gradually appear red patches, and the whole body will show a light olive green metallic luster.

However, gigantosaurus belongs to Appendix II of CITES, and China has also approved it as a second-class protected animal according to CITES, and it does not distinguish between wild and artificial populations. Therefore, the artificial breeding and sale of giant bone tongue fish are treated according to the breeding and management of animals protected by the state.

Primitive sucking loach with thick lips

The thick-lipped primitive sucking loach, which originated from the mountain stream of Dayaoshan in Guangxi Province, China, has black and white markings on its larvae, which are similar to those of giant pandas and are also called "panda loach". It is popular among many people in the aquarium industry. It is not only cute, but also eats algae on rocks or heavy trees, and can also become a tool fish in a fish tank. However, raising panda loach needs to simulate an environmental model similar to its origin, so as to ensure that the dissolved oxygen in the water is high and the water temperature should not exceed 24℃.

Larvae of Protomyzon pachychilus | Stansung/seriouslyfish.com

The number of panda loaches in the country of origin is already small. Coupled with the influence of illegal mining and environmental pollution in the country of origin, wild panda loaches are very rare at present. It is included in the Red Book of Endangered Animals in China and listed as a second-class protected animal in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals, and it does not distinguish between artificial and wild populations. Therefore, those who breed and sell panda loach artificially should also apply for the corresponding breeding license or approval for operation and utilization.

There are other aspects to consider.

In addition to the common species of ornamental fish introduced above, there are many species of freshwater ornamental aquatic animals listed in the protection list, including all species of salamander such as filament, Australian lungfish, pig-nosed turtle, oriental salamander, Mexican blunt-mouthed salamander (nicknamed "hexagonal dinosaur", only for wild population) and yellow-headed side-necked turtle (nicknamed

Yes, this dozen-piece pet (Mexican salamander) is almost extinct in the wild. Poke the picture to learn more | ｜Pixabay

In the seawater viewing circle, among all kinds of colorful and beautiful corals that everyone likes to raise, all species of Lithocarpus, Anthraconaceae and Amaranthaceae are also listed as protected animals in China; All species, sea turtles, seahorses, etc. of the family Lepididae belong to the protected animals stipulated by China. When you buy these marine creatures, don’t start at the sight of them. You must do your homework before you buy them.

Tubipora mica | fré dé ric du carme/wikimedia commons

In addition to whether species can be cultured, people who love to cultivate and watch aquarium creatures should also remember that it is also an important issue to properly dispose of these small creatures if they don’t want to raise them one day.

Many cultured aquatic animals are highly competitive in China’s natural waters and lack natural enemies. If they are released rashly, they will cause damage to the local ecological environment. Common species that can never be released into the natural environment include: snapping turtles, leopard-print catfish (scavengers), Procambarus clarkii (crayfish), red-tailed catfish (red-tailed cats), and finches (ghost rockets). In addition, some species, as exotic species, are likely to die due to the difference between the new environment and the origin after release. Therefore, the most sensible way is to know the origin of the species you breed, and then deal with it with the advice of professionals.

Pterygoplichthys pardalis, commonly known as "scavenger", has formed a wild population in some areas of southern China due to improper release | Ildar Sagdejev/Wikimedia Commons.

In addition, there are many ornamental aquarium creatures that have not been listed as endangered wild animals by international trade conventions or protected by legislation in China, but due to the strong demand of aquarium players, the origin of these species has been overfished. This includes many native ornamental fish in Yunnan-Guizhou region of China, many traditional ornamental fish in South America in Brazil and surrounding areas, and some freshwater fish in Southeast Asia. Many of these fish have not been artificially bred, and blind pursuit of breeding will only lead to further degradation of wild resources in their origin, so it is more appropriate to stop properly.

In the future, certification and compliance breeding will become the mainstream trend. If it is impossible to achieve legal compliance for the time being, it is also wise to give up feeding. Blind breeding of wild animal species that have been included in the protection and restriction of breeding is not only not conducive to the conservation of resources, but even brings illegal risks to itself.

summary

Generally speaking, at present, for all kinds of protected aquatic animals listed in the list, the corresponding management means and feeding requirements are mainly divided into the following situations (swipe left to view):

Alien species listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) but not listed in the List of National Key Wild Protected Animals, and marked as "suspended execution" in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals approved by aquatic animal species in the appendix of CITES:

As long as there is a legal source certificate, it can be raised, and it is not regarded as a national key protected wild animal. The buyer and the seller do not need to apply for artificial breeding license or approval for operation and utilization (if a separate management policy has been formulated in accordance with the requirements of CITES Convention, it shall be implemented in accordance with relevant management policies). But remember, alien species should not be released and discarded at will, which may cause species invasion and endanger the local ecological environment.

Species marked as protected objects in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals and the List of Aquatic Animals Approved as National Key Protected Wild Animals in CITES Appendix, but the protected objects are only wild populations whose artificially bred populations are not protected by the state:

Wild populations are protected according to key wild animals; For artificially bred populations, buyers and sellers need to apply for an artificial breeding license when raising them, and if they buy and sell them for the second time, they also need to apply for approval for operation and utilization. However, many animals of this kind have been artificially bred and their circulation is very common. Therefore, in the future, the country may simplify the management requirements for such animals by means of pilot artificial identification management.

Species clearly marked as protected animals in the List of National Key Protected Wild Animals and the List of Aquatic Animal Species Approved as National Key Protected Wild Animals in the Appendix of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) without distinguishing between wild and artificial populations:

Both the wild and artificial populations are managed according to the key wild protected animals. If the above species are artificially bred and sold, the corresponding breeding license or approval for operation and utilization shall be handled; For the buyer, it is also necessary to apply for a breeding license before it can be legally raised.

For the species listed in the three-name list and the key protected wild animals within the jurisdiction designated by various places, they shall be implemented according to the corresponding laws and regulations;

In many places, it is stipulated that it is still necessary to apply for the License for Artificial Breeding of Wild Animals under Non-national Key Protection (Sanyou). In addition, the species listed in the wild cannot be caught at will, and a large number of catches may involve violating the criminal law;

Animals listed in the Catalogue of Genetic Resources of Livestock and Poultry shall be managed according to the provisions of the Animal Husbandry Law and not according to the protection of animals.

Author: seafood knows

Original title: "Arowana and hexagonal dinosaurs, which are common in the aquarium market, are actually protected animals? 》

Read the original text